数据驱动算法，特别是神经网络，可以在高分辨率模拟数据训练时模拟粗辨率气候模型中未解决的过程的影响;然而，当在没有接受培训的条件下评估时，它们通常会进行大规模的概括误差。在这里，我们建议在物理上重新归类机器学习算法的输入和输出，以帮助他们推广到看不见的气候。在三个不同的气候模型中应用了划分级热力学的离线参数化，我们展示了重新划分的或“气候不变”神经网络，使测试气候的准确预测比其培训气候更温暖。此外，“气候不变”神经网络促进了Aquaplanet和地球模拟之间的泛化。通过可视化和归因方法，我们表明与标准机器学习模型相比，“气候不变”算法学到了风暴规模对流，辐射和其天气热力学环境之间的更多地方和强大的关系。总的来说，这些结果表明，将物理知识纳入地球系统过程的数据驱动模型可以提高其在气候制度上概括的一致性和能力。

Wearable sensors for measuring head kinematics can be noisy due to imperfect interfaces with the body. Mouthguards are used to measure head kinematics during impacts in traumatic brain injury (TBI) studies, but deviations from reference kinematics can still occur due to potential looseness. In this study, deep learning is used to compensate for the imperfect interface and improve measurement accuracy. A set of one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) models was developed to denoise mouthguard kinematics measurements along three spatial axes of linear acceleration and angular velocity. The denoised kinematics had significantly reduced errors compared to reference kinematics, and reduced errors in brain injury criteria and tissue strain and strain rate calculated via finite element modeling. The 1D-CNN models were also tested on an on-field dataset of college football impacts and a post-mortem human subject dataset, with similar denoising effects observed. The models can be used to improve detection of head impacts and TBI risk evaluation, and potentially extended to other sensors measuring kinematics.

A reduced order model of a generic submarine is presented. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results are used to create and validate a model that includes depth dependence and the effect of waves on the craft. The model and the procedure to obtain its coefficients are discussed, and examples of the data used to obtain the model coefficients are presented. An example of operation following a complex path is presented and results from the reduced order model are compared to those from an equivalent CFD calculation. The controller implemented to complete these maneuvers is also presented.

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

Objective: Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) influence personal health outcomes and health systems interactions. Health systems capture SDOH information through structured data and unstructured clinical notes; however, clinical notes often contain a more comprehensive representation of several key SDOH. The objective of this work is to assess the SDOH information gain achievable by extracting structured semantic representations of SDOH from the clinical narrative and combining these extracted representations with available structured data. Materials and Methods: We developed a natural language processing (NLP) information extraction model for SDOH that utilizes a deep learning entity and relation extraction architecture. In an electronic health record (EHR) case study, we applied the SDOH extractor to a large existing clinical data set with over 200,000 patients and 400,000 notes and compared the extracted information with available structured data. Results: The SDOH extractor achieved 0.86 F1 on a withheld test set. In the EHR case study, we found 19\% of current tobacco users, 10\% of drug users, and 32\% of homeless patients only include documentation of these risk factors in the clinical narrative. Conclusions: Patients who are at-risk for negative health outcomes due to SDOH may be better served if health systems are able to identify SDOH risk factors and associated social needs. Structured semantic representations of text-encoded SDOH information can augment existing structured, and this more comprehensive SDOH representation can assist health systems in identifying and addressing social needs.

Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS) refers to clinician-performed and interpreted ultrasonography at the patient's bedside. Interpreting these images requires a high level of expertise, which may not be available during emergencies. In this paper, we support POCUS by developing classifiers that can aid medical professionals by diagnosing whether or not a patient has pneumothorax. We decomposed the task into multiple steps, using YOLOv4 to extract relevant regions of the video and a 3D sparse coding model to represent video features. Given the difficulty in acquiring positive training videos, we trained a small-data classifier with a maximum of 15 positive and 32 negative examples. To counteract this limitation, we leveraged subject matter expert (SME) knowledge to limit the hypothesis space, thus reducing the cost of data collection. We present results using two lung ultrasound datasets and demonstrate that our model is capable of achieving performance on par with SMEs in pneumothorax identification. We then developed an iOS application that runs our full system in less than 4 seconds on an iPad Pro, and less than 8 seconds on an iPhone 13 Pro, labeling key regions in the lung sonogram to provide interpretable diagnoses.

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.

安全至关重要的应用中神经网络（NNS）的患病率的增加，要求采用证明安全行为的方法。本文提出了一种向后的可及性方法，以安全验证神经反馈循环（NFLS），即具有NN控制策略的闭环系统。尽管最近的作品集中在远程达到NFL的安全认证策略上，但落后性能比远期策略具有优势，尤其是在避免障碍的情况下。先前的工作已经开发了用于无NNS系统的向后可及性分析的技术，但是由于其激活功能的非线性，反馈回路中的NNS存在唯一的问题，并且由于NN模型通常不可逆转。为了克服这些挑战，我们使用现有的NN分析工具有效地找到了对反射（BP）集的过度评估，即NN控制策略将将系统驱动到给定目标集的状态集。我们介绍了用于计算以馈电NN表示的控制策略的线性和非线性系统的BP过度评估的框架，并提出了计算有效的策略。我们使用各种模型的数值结果来展示所提出的算法，包括6D系统的安全认证。

为梯度增强学习选择默认功能编码策略可能会考虑训练持续时间的指标，并实现与功能表示相关的预测性能。用于DataFrame预处理的Automunge库为分类功能提供了默认的二进制化和数字标准化的Z分数归一化。提出的研究试图通过通过调整梯度增强的学习来编码变化来对一系列不同的数据集进行基准测试来验证这些默认值。我们发现，从调谐持续时间和模型性能的角度来看，我们选择的默认值平均是表现最好的人。另一个关键发现是，与分类二进制相比，一个热编码并非以适用性作为分类默认的方式执行。我们在这里提出这些和进一步的基准。

评估在不断增长的语料库中排名期限的重要性变化是理解词汇用法变化的强大工具。在本文中，我们分析了自由响应答案的语料库，其中要求33,993 LGBTQ一代受访者从13岁到24岁，在美国被要求自我描述他们的性取向。我们观察到某些标签，例如双性恋，pansexual和女同性恋，在各个年龄段中同样重要。其他标签的重要性，例如同性恋，死亡和异性恋，跨年龄段的发展。尽管Z世代通常被定型为均匀的观念，但在其中自我描述的性取向时，我们会明显观察到不同的标签用法。我们敦促感兴趣的各方必须经常向目标受众调查最重要的性取向标签，并刷新其材料（例如人口调查），以反映不断发展的LGBTQ社区并创造包容性的环境。